Chapter 8—Approaches and Landings |
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Table of Contents Normal Approach and Landing Base Leg Final Approach Use of Flaps Estimating Height and Movement Roundout (Flare) Touchdown After-Landing Roll Stabilized Approach Concept Intentional Slips Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) Power Attitude Configuration Ground Effect Crosswind Approach and Landing Crosswind Final Approach Crosswind Roundout (Flare) Crosswind Touchdown Crosswind After-Landing Roll Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities Turbulent Air Approach and Landing Short-Field Approach and Landing Soft-Field Approach and Landing Power-Off Accuracy Approaches 90° Power-Off Approach 180° Power-Off Approach 360° Power-Off Approach Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) Faulty Approaches and Landings Low Final Approach High Final Approach Slow Final Approach Use of Power High Roundout Late or Rapid Roundout Floating During Roundout Ballooning During Roundout Bouncing During Touchdown Porpoising Wheelbarrowing Hard Landing Touchdown in a Drift or Crab Ground Loop Wing Rising After Touchdown Hydroplaning Dynamic Hydroplaning Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning Viscous Hydroplaning |
DYNAMIC HYDROPLANING Dynamic hydroplaning is a relatively high-speed phenomenon that occurs when there is a film of water on the runway that is at least one-tenth inch deep. As the speed of the airplane and the depth of the water increase, the water layer builds up an increasing resistance to displacement, resulting in the formation of a wedge of water beneath the tire. At some speed, termed the hydroplaning speed (VP), the water pressure equals the weight of the airplane and the tire is lifted off the runway surface. In this condition, the tires no longer contribute to directional control and braking action is nil. Dynamic hydroplaning is related to tire inflation
pressure. Data obtained during hydroplaning tests have
shown the minimum dynamic hydroplaning speed (VP)
of a tire to be 8.6 times the square root of the tire
pressure in pounds per square inch (PSI). For an
airplane with a main tire pressure of 24 pounds,
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PED Publication |