Chapter 8—Approaches and Landings |
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Table of Contents Normal Approach and Landing Base Leg Final Approach Use of Flaps Estimating Height and Movement Roundout (Flare) Touchdown After-Landing Roll Stabilized Approach Concept Intentional Slips Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) Power Attitude Configuration Ground Effect Crosswind Approach and Landing Crosswind Final Approach Crosswind Roundout (Flare) Crosswind Touchdown Crosswind After-Landing Roll Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities Turbulent Air Approach and Landing Short-Field Approach and Landing Soft-Field Approach and Landing Power-Off Accuracy Approaches 90° Power-Off Approach 180° Power-Off Approach 360° Power-Off Approach Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) Faulty Approaches and Landings Low Final Approach High Final Approach Slow Final Approach Use of Power High Roundout Late or Rapid Roundout Floating During Roundout Ballooning During Roundout Bouncing During Touchdown Porpoising Wheelbarrowing Hard Landing Touchdown in a Drift or Crab Ground Loop Wing Rising After Touchdown Hydroplaning Dynamic Hydroplaning Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning Viscous Hydroplaning |
LATE OR RAPID ROUNDOUT Starting the roundout too late or pulling the elevator control back too rapidly to prevent the airplane from touching down prematurely can impose a heavy load factor on the wing and cause an accelerated stall. Suddenly increasing the angle of attack and stalling the airplane during a roundout is a dangerous situation since it may cause the airplane to land extremely hard on the main landing gear, and then bounce back into the air. As the airplane contacts the ground, the tail will be forced down very rapidly by the back-elevator pressure and by inertia acting downward on the tail. Recovery from this situation requires prompt and positive application of power prior to occurrence of the stall. This may be followed by a normal landing if sufficient runway is available—otherwise the pilot should EXECUTE A GO-AROUND immediately. If the roundout is late, the nosewheel may strike the runway first, causing the nose to bounce upward. No attempt should be made to force the airplane back onto the ground; a GO-AROUND should be executed immediately. |
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PED Publication |