Chapter 16 Emergency Procedures |
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Table of Contents Emergency Situations Emergency Landings Types of Emergency Landings Psychological Hazards Basic Safety Concepts General Attitude and Sink Rate Control Terrain Selection Airplane Configuration Approach Terrain Types Confined Areas Trees (Forest) Water (Ditching) and Snow Engine Failure After Takeoff (Single-Engine) Emergency Descents In-Flight Fire Engine Fire Electrical Fires Cabin Fire Flight Control Malfunction / Failure Total Flap Failure Asymmetric (Split) Flap Loss of Elevator Control Landing Gear Malfunction Systems Malfunctions Electrical System Pitot-Static System Abnormal Engine Instrument Indications Door Opening In Flight Inadvertent VFR Flight Into IMC General Recognition Maintaining Airplane Control Attitude Control Turns Climbs Descents Combined Maneuvers Transition to Visual Flight |
TERRAIN TYPESSince an emergency landing on suitable terrain resembles a situation in which the pilot should be familiar through training, only the more unusual situation will be discussed. CONFINED AREASThe natural preference to set the airplane down on the ground should not lead to the selection of an open spot between trees or obstacles where the ground cannot be reached without making a steep descent. Once the intended touchdown point is reached, and the remaining open and unobstructed space is very limited, it may be better to force the airplane down on the ground than to delay touchdown until it stalls (settles). An airplane decelerates faster after it is on the ground than while airborne. Thought may also be given to the desirability of ground-looping or retracting the landing gear in certain conditions. A river or creek can be an inviting alternative in otherwise rugged terrain. The pilot should ensure that the water or creek bed can be reached without snagging the wings. The same concept applies to road landings with one additional reason for caution; manmade obstacles on either side of a road may not be visible until the final portion of the approach. 16-4When planning the approach across a road, it should be remembered that most highways, and even rural dirt roads, are paralleled by power or telephone lines. Only a sharp lookout for the supporting structures, or poles, may provide timely warning. TREES (FOREST) Although a tree landing is not an attractive prospect, the following general guidelines will help to make the experience survivable.
Figure 16-4. Tree landing. WATER (DITCHING) AND SNOWA well-executed water landing normally involves less deceleration violence than a poor tree landing or a touchdown on extremely rough terrain. Also an airplane that is ditched at minimum speed and in a normal landing attitude will not immediately sink upon touchdown. Intact wings and fuel tanks (especially when empty) provide floatation for at least several minutes even if the cockpit may be just below the water line in a high-wing airplane. Ch 16.qxd 5/7/04 10:30 AM Page 16-5Loss of depth perception may occur when landing on a wide expanse of smooth water, with the risk of flying into the water or stalling in from excessive altitude. To avoid this hazard, the airplane should be “dragged in” when possible. Use no more than intermediate flaps on low-wing airplanes. The water resistance of fully extended flaps may result in asymmetrical flap failure and slowing of the airplane. Keep a retractable gear up unless the AFM/POH advises otherwise. A landing in snow should be executed like a ditching, in the same configuration and with the same regard for loss of depth perception (white out) in reduced visibility and on wide open terrain. |
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